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Physical geography

Everything Paper 1 assesses: the processes that shape rivers and coasts, the ecosystems that depend on climate, the tectonic hazards people choose to live beside, and the climate change running underneath all of it. Topics: The main hydrological characteristics and processes which operate in rivers and drainage basins, The main landforms associated with these processes, Rivers present opportunities and hazards for people, Physical processes that shape the coast, The main landforms associated with these processes, Coasts present opportunities and hazards for people, Characteristics of the Antarctic ecosystem, Threats to the Antarctic ecosystem and how they can be managed, Characteristics of the tropical rainforest ecosystem, Threats to tropical rainforest ecosystems and how they can be managed, The structure of the Earth and distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes, The processes and features associated with earthquakes and volcanoes, The impacts of tectonic hazards, Managing the impacts of tectonic hazards, The natural and human causes of climate change, The impacts of climate change at a range of geographic scales, Responses to climate change.

Human geography

Everything Paper 2 assesses: how populations grow, age and move, how cities absorb them, why countries develop unevenly, how economies and tourism change, and whether the food and energy systems that feed and power all of it can hold. Topics: Populations grow and decline, Population structures change over time, The causes and impacts of international migration, Where people live, Opportunities and challenges of urbanisation, The management of urban growth, Measuring development, The world is developing unevenly, Achieving sustainable development, Changing employment structures, The impact of globalisation and the role of transnational corporations, Tourism is a growing industry, How food is produced, The global patterns of food supply and demand, The challenges of food supply, How our energy is produced, The global patterns of energy supply and demand, The impacts of energy production.

Geographical skills

There is no separate skills paper any more, which means skills are tested in every component and are 48% of the qualification. Topics: Cartographic skills, Graphical skills, GIS and image skills, Mathematical skills.

Fieldwork and geographical investigations

The route to geographical enquiry, end to end, and the 28% of the grade that rides on it. Topics: Formulating aims and hypotheses, Collecting data in the field, Presenting and recording results, Analysis, conclusions and evaluation, Component 3 and Paper 4.